Evaluation of pharyngeal airway dimensions and hyoid bone position according to craniofacial growth pattern.

OBJECTIVE: To compare pharyngeal airway dimensions and hyoid bone position in different craniofacial growth patterns. METHODS: In total, 611 patients divided into 9 subgroups were compared according to malocclusion classification and vertical growth pattern, and these subgroups were compared in terms of pharyngeal airway and hyoid measurements. A two-way ANOVA test was used to compare the findings of the subgroups. RESULTS: No significant difference was found for the pharyngeal measurements between the groups (p>0.05). The vertical airway length (PNS-Ep) was significantly shorter in the Class III malocclusion group (p<0.05) and in the hypodivergent group (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between any subgroups in any measurements of the position of the hyoid bone (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The pharyngeal airway dimensions and hyoid bone position are similar among individuals in the sagittal direction. The vertical airway length is significantly shorter in Class III and hypodivergent individuals.

Malocclusion indices and their applications in public health: a review study / Índices de oclusopatia e suas aplicações em saúde pública: estudo de revisão / Indicaciones de maloclusión y sus aplicaciones en salud pública: un estudio de revisión

Health indices are important to measurement of the presence and severity of diseases. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review about malocclusion indices and analyze their applications in the public health field. The research was performed by consulting Pubmed, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme and Embase databases, using the following terms: public health, epidemiological methods, indices, epidemiological surveys, preventive dentistry, malocclusion, and orthodontics. Publications on the development and use of malocclusion indices in clinical and epidemiological studies were included, without restrictions of methodology and language. Fifty-two indices and their variations were identified. Of these, most were intended for individual assessments and their use in public health was difficult due to the requirements for their application, including the need for specialists, plaster models analysis, complementary exams such as cephalometric radiographs and photographs, specific equipment, the need for longitudinal monitoring of cases, and exclusively objective orsubjective assessments. Some malocclusion indices present positive aspects and partially evaluate physical, functional, psychological, and social conditions. However, it is still challenging to find a unanimous index that fulfills the requirements for assessing the severity, treatment need, and impact of malocclusions on the individual's quality of life with applicability in public health(AU)

Os índices de saúde são importantes para mensurar a presença e a severidade das doenças. O objetivo neste estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre índices de oclusopatia e analisar suas aplicações na saúde pública. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de consulta às bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme e Embase, utilizando os termos: saúde pública, métodos epidemiológicos, índices, levantamentos epidemiológicos, odontologia preventiva, má oclusão e ortodontia. Foram incluídas publicações sobre o desenvolvimento e uso de índices de oclusopatia em estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos, sem restrições de metodologia e idioma. Cinquenta e dois índices e suas variações foram identificados. Destes, a maioria destinava-se a avaliações individuais e sua utilização em saúde pública era limitada pelos requisitos de sua aplicação, como necessidade de especialistas, análise de modelos de gesso, exames complementares como radiografias cefalométricas e fotografias, equipamentos específicos, necessidade de acompanhamento longitudinal, e avaliações exclusivamente objetivas ou subjetivas. Alguns índices de maloclusão apresentam aspectos positivos e avaliam parcialmente as condições físicas, funcionais, psicológicas e sociais, entretanto, ainda é um desafio identificar um índice unânime para avaliação da severidade, necessidade de tratamento e impacto das oclusopatias na qualidade de vida do indivíduo, com aplicabilidade na saúde pública(AU)

Los índices de salud son importantes para medir la presencia y gravedad de enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre índices de maloclusión y analizar sus aplicaciones en salud pública. La investigación se llevó a cabo consultando las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme y Embase, utilizando los términos: salud pública, métodos epidemiológicos, índices, encuestas epidemiológicas, odontología preventiva, maloclusión yortodoncia. Se incluyeron publicaciones sobre el desarrollo y uso de índices de maloclusión en estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos, sin restricciones de metodología y lenguaje. Se han identificado cincuenta y dos índices y sus variaciones. De estos, la mayoría estaban destinados a evaluaciones individuales y su uso en salud pública estaba limitado por los requisitos de su aplicación, como la necesidad de especialistas, análisis de modelos de yeso, exámenes complementarios como radiografías y fotografías cefalométricas, equipos específicos, la necesidad de seguimiento longitudinal. , y evaluaciones exclusivamente objetivas o subjetivas. Algunos índices de maloclusión tienen aspectos positivos y evalúan parcialmente las condiciones físicas, funcionales, psicológicas y sociales, sin embargo, aún es un desafío identificar un índice unánime para evaluar la gravedad, necesidad de tratamiento e impacto de las maloclusiones en la calidad de vida del individuo, con aplicabilidad en salud pública(AU)

Prevalencia de las maloclusiones según la clasificación de Angle en una población universitaria / Prevalence of maloclusions according to angle's classification in a university population

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de maloclusiones dentales es elevada, según los diversos estudios epidemiológicos realizados. Por ello llevamos a cabo un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal con 87 modelos de estudio de ortodoncia de estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad San Pablo-CEU, con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de maloclusiones en este colectivo, según la Clasificación de Angle. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron las maloclusiones presentes por género y en función de si los estudiantes habían llevado tratamientos de ortodoncia previos o no, además se diferenció el grupo de alumnos Nacional del Internacional. Para obtener los resultados de nuestra investigación se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente por medio del programa IBM/SPSS Statistics versión 24, aplicando las pruebas de Chi cuadrado y el Test exacto de Fisher. RESULTADOS: La distribución de la muestra fue un 77% de mujeres frente a un 23% de hombres. De ellos, el 71,3% habían sido tratados previamente con ortodoncia, el 28,7% no habían recibido tratamientos previos de ortodoncia. Además, el 67,8% pertenecían al grupo Nacional y el 32,2% al Internacional. Tanto la Clase Canina como la Molar más prevalente fue la Clase I, seguida de la Clase II y, por último, la Clase III de Angle. CONCLUSIONES: Se puede concluir que la Clase I es la oclusión de Angle más prevalente, a la que le siguen la Clase II y, en último lugar, la Clase III

INTRODUCTION: According to the various epidemiological studies conducted, the prevalence of dental malocclusions is high. Therefore, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study with 87 orthodontic study models on students of the School of Dentistry of the Universidad San Pablo-CEU, with the aim of determining the prevalence of malocclusions in this group, according to Angle's Classification. METHODS: The malocclusions present were studied by gender and according to whether or not the students had undergone previous orthodontic treatment. Furthermore, the group of National students was differentiated from the group of International students. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied in order to obtain the results of our research. The data were statistically analysed using the IBM/SPSS Statistics version 24 program, applying Chi-Square Tests and Fisher's Exact Test. RESULTS: The sample distribution was 77% female versus 23% male. Of these, 71.3% had previously received orthodontic treatment, while 27% had not previously received orthodontic treatment. In addition, 67.8% belonged to the National group and 32.2% to the International group. Both the most prevalent Canine and Molar Class was Angle's Class 1, followed by Class II and, finally, Class III. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that Class I is the most prevalent Angle's malocclusion, followed by Class II and, lastly, Class III

The periodontal status of removable appliances vs fixed appliances: A comparative meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although several researchers have analyzed the dental identity of patients experience with corrective methods using fixed and removable appliances, the consequences stay debatable. This meta-analysis intended to verify whether the periodontal status of removable appliances is similar to that of the conventional fixed appliances. METHODS: Relevant literature was retrieved from the database of Cochrane library, PubMed, EMBASE, and CNKI until December 2019, without time or language restrictions. Comparative clinical studies assessing periodontal conditions between removable appliances and fixed appliances were included for analysis. The data was analyzed using the Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 13 articles involving 598 subjects were selected for this meta-analysis. We found that the plaque index (PLI) identity of the removable appliances group was significantly lower compared to the fixed appliances group at 3 months (OR = -0.57, 95% CI: -0.98 to -0.16, P = .006) and 6 months (OR = -1.10, 95% CI: -1.60 to -0.61, P = .000). The gingival index (GI) of the removable appliances group was lower at 6 months (OR = -1.14, 95% CI: -1.95 to -0.34, P = .005), but the difference was not statistically significant at 3 months (OR = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.50 to 0.10, P = .185) when compared with that of the fixed appliances group. The sulcus probing depth (SPD) of the removable appliances group was lower compared to the fixed appliances group at 3 months (OR = -0.26, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.01, P = .047) and 6 months (OR = -0.42, 95% CI: -0.83 to -0.01, P = .045). The shape of the funnel plot was symmetrical, indicating no obvious publication bias in the Begg test (P = .174); the Egger test also indicated no obvious publication bias (P = .1). CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis demonstrated that malocclusion patients treated with the removable appliances demonstrated a better periodontal status as compared with those treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. However, the analyses of more numbers of clinical trials are warranted to confirm this conclusion.

Relationship between the polymorphism in the interleukin 1-ß and the treatment time of patients subjected to a modified piezocision technique.

AIM: We aimed to evaluate the correlation between the polymorphism of the interleukin 1-Beta (IL1-ß, +3954 C>T) and tooth movement, in a group of Colombian patients undergoing surgically accelerated orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: The study was nested to a controlled clinical trial. Blood samples were taken from 11 women and 29 healthy Colombian male volunteers between 18 and 40 years old, after 1 year of starting orthodontic treatment. The patients presented malocclusion class I, with grade II or III. To detect the genetic polymorphism of the nucleotide +3954 C to T in the IL-1ß gene, we used a real-time PCR assay. RESULTS: Eleven individuals presented the allele 2 (T) heterozygous with the allele 1 (T/C) and 19 individuals were homozygous for the allele 1 (C/C). When analyzing the presence of the SNP, no significant differences were found in any of the variables. The best treatment was reflected in Group 3 (selective upper and lower alveolar decortication and 3D collagen matrix) and Group 4 (only selective alveolar decortication in the upper arch, with 3D collagen matrix), with 27% and 35% more speed respectively than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses indicated that a reduction in the total treatment time can be mostly potentiated by using decortication and collagen matrices and not for the presence of the allele 2 in the IL-1ß. Nevertheless, it is important that further studies investigate if the polymorphism could be associated with the speed of tooth movement and analyze the baseline protein levels.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la correlación entre el polimorfismo de la interleucina 1-Beta (IL1-ß, +3954 C> T) y el movimiento de los dientes, en un grupo de pacientes colombianos sometidos a un movimiento dental ortodóncico acelerado quirúrgicamente. MÉTODOS: Este fue un estudio secundario derivado de un ensayo clínico aleatorio controlado. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de 11 mujeres y 29 voluntarios varones colombianos sanos entre 18 y 40 años, después de 1 año de comenzar el tratamiento de ortodoncia. Los pacientes presentaron maloclusión clase I, con grado II o III. Para detectar el polimorfismo genético del nucleótido +3954 C a T en el gen IL-1ß, se usó un ensayo de PCR en tiempo real. RESULTADOS: 11 individuos presentaron el alelo 2 (T) heterocigoto con el alelo 1 (T / C) y 19 individuos fueron homocigotos para el alelo 1 (C / C). Al analizar la presencia del SNP, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables. El mejor tratamiento se reflejó en el Grupo 3 (decorticación alveolar superior e inferior selectiva y matriz de colágeno 3D) y el Grupo 4 (solo decorticación alveolar selectiva en el arco superior, con matriz de colágeno 3D), con un 27% y un 35% más de velocidad, respectivamente, que en el grupo de control. CONCLUSIONES: Los análisis indicaron que una reducción en el tiempo total de tratamiento puede potenciarse principalmente mediante el uso de decorticación y matrices de colágeno y no por la presencia del alelo 2 en la IL-1ß. Sin embargo, es importante que otros estudios investiguen si el polimorfismo podría estar asociado con la velocidad del movimiento de los dientes y analizar los niveles de proteína de referencia.

Relationship between the polymorphism in the interleukin 1-β and the treatment time of patients subjected to a modified piezocision technique / Relación entre el polimorfismo en la interleucina 1-β y el tiempo de tratamiento de pacientes sometidos a una técnica de piezocisión modificada

Abstract Aim: We aimed to evaluate the correlation between the polymorphism of the interleukin 1-Beta (IL1-β, +3954 C>T) and tooth movement, in a group of Colombian patients undergoing surgically accelerated orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: The study was nested to a controlled clinical trial. Blood samples were taken from 11 women and 29 healthy Colombian male volunteers between 18 and 40 years old, after 1 year of starting orthodontic treatment. The patients presented malocclusion class I, with grade II or III. To detect the genetic polymorphism of the nucleotide +3954 C to T in the IL-1β gene, we used a real-time PCR assay. Results: Eleven individuals presented the allele 2 (T) heterozygous with the allele 1 (T/C) and 19 individuals were homozygous for the allele 1 (C/C). When analyzing the presence of the SNP, no significant differences were found in any of the variables. The best treatment was reflected in Group 3 (selective upper and lower alveolar decortication and 3D collagen matrix) and Group 4 (only selective alveolar decortication in the upper arch, with 3D collagen matrix), with 27% and 35% more speed respectively than in the control group. Conclusions: Our analyses indicated that a reduction in the total treatment time can be mostly potentiated by using decortication and collagen matrices and not for the presence of the allele 2 in the IL-1β. Nevertheless, it is important that further studies investigate if the polymorphism could be associated with the speed of tooth movement and analyze the baseline protein levels.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación entre el polimorfismo de la interleucina 1-Beta (IL1-β, +3954 C> T) y el movimiento de los dientes, en un grupo de pacientes colombianos sometidos a un movimiento dental ortodóncico acelerado quirúrgicamente. Métodos: Este fue un estudio secundario derivado de un ensayo clínico aleatorio controlado. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de 11 mujeres y 29 voluntarios varones colombianos sanos entre 18 y 40 años, después de 1 año de comenzar el tratamiento de ortodoncia. Los pacientes presentaron maloclusión clase I, con grado II o III. Para detectar el polimorfismo genético del nucleótido +3954 C a T en el gen IL-1β, se usó un ensayo de PCR en tiempo real. Resultados: 11 individuos presentaron el alelo 2 (T) heterocigoto con el alelo 1 (T / C) y 19 individuos fueron homocigotos para el alelo 1 (C / C). Al analizar la presencia del SNP, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables. El mejor tratamiento se reflejó en el Grupo 3 (decorticación alveolar superior e inferior selectiva y matriz de colágeno 3D) y el Grupo 4 (solo decorticación alveolar selectiva en el arco superior, con matriz de colágeno 3D), con un 27% y un 35% más de velocidad, respectivamente, que en el grupo de control. Conclusiones: Los análisis indicaron que una reducción en el tiempo total de tratamiento puede potenciarse principalmente mediante el uso de decorticación y matrices de colágeno y no por la presencia del alelo 2 en la IL-1β. Sin embargo, es importante que otros estudios investiguen si el polimorfismo podría estar asociado con la velocidad del movimiento de los dientes y analizar los niveles de proteína de referencia.

The effect of dental and background facial attractiveness on facial attractiveness and perceived integrity and social and intellectual qualities.

INTRODUCTION: The purposes of this study were to assess the role of dental attractiveness in background facial attractiveness and to evaluate how facial and dental attractiveness influenced raters' opinions of the integrity, social attractiveness, and intellectual attractiveness of the models. METHODS: Photographs of male and female individuals rated by peers as unattractive, average, and attractive were combined with oral images of 4 different levels of dental attractiveness (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need [IOTN] 1, 5, 7, and 10). Sixty-seven participants meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited as raters. Raters viewed closed-lip smile and open-lip, posed smile of 24 models and rated them for facial attractiveness and integrity and multiple social/intellectual attractiveness dimensions using a Visual Analog Scale. RESULTS: Intrarater reliability was fair to excellent. Analysis of variance showed significant 3-way interactions (P < 0.0001=aim 1; P < 0.005=aim 2) for model sex, facial attractiveness, and dental attractiveness. The contribution of dental attractiveness to facial attractiveness was not fixed or linear, but dependent on dental attractiveness level, background facial attractiveness, and model sex. For both sexes, dental impact on facial attractiveness was neutral or negative when teeth were less than ideal, beginning at IOTN 5 for all background facial attractiveness levels. The impact of dental attractiveness on integrity and social and intellectual attractiveness was also dependent on dental attractiveness level, background facial attractiveness, and model sex. Dental attractiveness can make dramatic differences in Average and Attractive male individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of dental attractiveness on facial attractiveness and integrity and social and intellectual attractiveness was dependent on dental attractiveness level, background facial attractiveness, and model sex. The effect of dental esthetics on facial attractiveness was neutral or negative for both male and female individuals when there was a need for treatment (IOTN 5 or higher) for all levels of facial attractiveness. For both male and female models, lower dental esthetics had a greater effect on more attractive faces. Judgments about integrity and social and intellectual attractiveness were strongly affected by dental esthetics, and these effects were more dramatic and consistent for male faces.

Relationship between the occlusal and sociodemographic characteristics of patients of a latin american postgraduate program in orthodontics / Relación entre las características oclusales y sociodemográficas de los pacientes de un posgrado latinoamericano de ortodoncia

Objective: To describe and compare the occlusal characteristics, and to determine their relationship with the sociodemographic characteristics in subjects who began treatment in the Postgraduate Program in Orthodontics at the University of Antioquia (Medellín-Colombia) between 2012-2016. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study included 106 patients (14-60 years, 52 women and 54 men). A calibrated investigator (Bland Altman: <1, Kappa: ≥0.8) evaluated the discrepancy index (DI), the dental aesthetic index (DAI) and sociodemographic variables in standardized initial records. Correlations and associations between them were established. Results: The DAI mean was 35.62±12.76 and the DI mean was 20.37±13.78. The great majority of patients (92.4%) belonged to low and medium-low socioeconomic strata. Differences were observed regarding oral breathing (p=0.02) and atypical swallowing (p=0.01) indices. Discussion: Despite the severity and high complexity in the index scores, contrary to what was expected, no correlation was found between them. It seems that malocclusions do not have a particular sociodemographic characterization, with aesthetics being the main reason for consultation. Conclusions: The patients evaluated had a high degree of treatment complexity according to the DI and a high severity of malocclusion according to the DAI. No relationships were found between the indices and sociodemographic variables, except for habits of oral breathing and atypical swallowing.

Objetivo: describir y comparar las características oclusales, y determinar su relación con las características sociodemográficas en los sujetos que iniciaron tratamiento en el Posgrado de Ortodoncia de la Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín-Colombia) entre 2012-2016. Materiales y métodos: este estudio descriptivo incluyó 106 pacientes (14-60 años, 52 mujeres y 54 hombres). Un investigador calibrado (Bland Altman: <1, Kappa: ≥0.8) evaluó en las ayudas iniciales estandarizadas el índice de discrepancia (DI), el índice de estética dental (DAI) y las variables sociodemográficas en la historia clínica. Se establecieron las correlaciones y asociaciones entre ellas. Resultados: el promedio DAI fue 35,62±12,76 y el promedio DI fue 20,37±13,78. El 92,4% pertenecía a estratos socioeconómicos bajo y medio bajo. Se observaron diferencias en los índices en los pacientes con respiración oral (p=0,02) y deglución atípica (p=0,01). Discusión: a pesar de la severidad y alta complejidad reflejadas en los puntajes de los índices, contrario a lo esperado, no se encontró correlación entre estos. Parece ser que la maloclusiones no tienen una caracterización sociodemográfica, siendo la estética el motivo de consulta principal. Conclusiones: los pacientes evaluados tuvieron un alto grado de complejidad de tratamiento según el DI y una alta severidad de la maloclusión según el DAI. No se encontraron relaciones entre los índices y las variables sociodemográficas excepto para hábito de respiración oral y deglución atípica

Influence of maxillary canine impaction characteristics and factors associated with orthodontic treatment on the duration of active orthodontic traction.

INTRODUCTION: Orthodontic traction of a maxillary impacted canine (MIC) increases the orthodontic treatment time. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of MIC characteristics and factors associated with orthodontic treatment on the duration of active orthodontic traction. METHODS: This follow-up and retrospective study included 45 MICs orthodontically tractioned into the occlusal plane with the use of a standardized protocol. MIC characteristics, including type, sector, side, location, height, and complexity of impaction, as well as α and ß angles and canine root length and area were measured. Likewise, factors associated with orthodontic treatment, including sex, age, malocclusion, premolar extractions, previous incisor root resorption, ANB, APDI, and SNA angles, and PNS-ANS distance were also evaluated. The statistical analysis included multiple linear regressions to estimate the influence of all variables on the duration of traction (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Sex had significant influence (P = 0.027) on the time of traction; in female patients, the time was 2.05 months more than in male patients. Bilateral impaction treatment increased the time by 2.74 months compared with unilateral cases (P = 0.001). Traction of bicortically centered impacted canines increased the duration of traction by 2.85 months (P = 0.001). Finally, the traction time increased in 2.35 months (P = 0.046) when the impaction sectors were 4 or 5 (close to the midline). CONCLUSIONS: The duration of active orthodontic traction of MIC is mainly influenced by sex, bilateral type, bicortically centered location, or when MIC is located in sector 4 or 5 close to midline, increasing the traction time by some months.

Is premature birth an orthodontic risk factor? A controlled epidemiological clinical study.

INTRODUCTION: Although a "catch-up" growth occurs in early childhood, respiratory system immaturity and the use of oral and naso-gastric probes for prematurely born children are responsible for palatal and cranio-facial alterations. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether prematurity is a risk factor in orthodontics in terms of malocclusions, dysmorphoses and orthodontic treatment need compared to term-born children. To compare the differences of risk factors among these preterm birth subtypes according the severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Distributed questionnaires within an orthodontic practice and in the Department of Odontology, Lyon Hospital, France. The evaluation criteria were calculated from the casts, photographs and radiographies carried out during the initial assessment. A statistical intergroup comparison was performed. RESULTS: Of the 537 questionnaires obtained, 47 preterm patients and 150 term-born patients were included in our study. Preterm infants had significantly more bilateral crossed-occlusions than patients in the term group (P=0.003). In addition, very preterm and extremely preterm children had significantly more impacted tooth (P=0.049) and a higher Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN grade 5, P=0.003) compared with term children. CONCLUSION: Very preterm and extremely preterm births (occurring more than 8 weeks before the term) represent a risk factor in orthodontics and, therefore, a public health problem.

El concepto de umbral craneofacial y su código de lectura ABC / The concept of craniofacial threshold and its ABC reading code

Durante el crecimiento y desarrollo de la cabeza, ésta lo hace en diferentes direcciones y proporciones, habiendo un límite entre la armonía /desarmonía conocido como umbral. Se hace referencia a este concepto, la forma de escribirlo y leerlo por medio de un código que lo simboliza. Objetivo: Poner al alcance de la comunidad médica un código de lectura e identificación de fenotipos craneofaciales sindrómicos y no sindrómicos. Conclusiones: Se considera que este concepto de umbral craneofacial y su código de lectura pueden ser usados en la enseñanza e investigación de la armonía-desarmonía durante el crecimiento y desarrollo de la cabeza, resultando ser de gran utilidad en la comprensión rápida y sencilla de la lectura del fenotipo craneofacial (AU)

During the growth and development of the head, it does so in different directions and proportions, there being a limit between the harmony / disharmony known as threshold. Reference is made to this concept, the way of writing it and reading it by means of a code that symbolizes it. Objective: To put within reach of the medical community, a code of reading and identification of syndromic and non-syndromic craniofacial phenotypes. Conclusions: It is considered that this concept of a craniofacial threshold and its reading code can be used in the teaching and research of harmony / disharmony during the growth and development of the head, being very useful in the quick and easy comprehension of the reading of the craniofacial phenotype (AU)

Oclusión en niños con dentición mixta, estudio de patrón facial y tipo de oclusión en Ecuador / Occlusion in children with mixed dentition, facial pattern study and type of occlusion in Ecuador

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la morfología facial y la asociación sagital interarcos en niños con dentición mixta. Materiales y método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal realizado en 100 escolares de 6 a 12 años de edad. La valoración clínica del perfil facial de la oclusión se realizó, mediante fotografías extraorales e intraorales y modelos de estudio por dos evaluadores examinadores con una confiabilidad en su criterio diagnóstico, considerando los criterios de Capelozza. Resultados: Se constató una relación estrecha entre el patrón facial con la clase molar y canina. Excepto el patrón II, en el cual sí existió correlación con la clase II molar, pero no con la clase II canina. Se evidenció mayor heterogeneidad en la distribución de las clases del patrón I. En el patrón II, las clases se presentaron más homogéneas con más del 70% de individuos con clase II, en su relación molar. La prueba Chi Cuadrado de Pearson determinó un p= 0,678 al considerar la relación canina de ambos lados. Conclusiones: El estudio reveló prevalencia de clase I canina decidua en ambos géneros. Clase I y II molar permanente en iguales proporciones en ambos géneros. Respecto a la edad, aquellos de entre 6 a 10 años fueron más tendientes a la clase II molar.

Abstract Objective: Define facial morphology and sagittal association in children with mixed dentition. Materials and methods: Descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study of 100 students aged 6 to 12 years. The clinical evaluation of the facial profile of the occlusion was made through extraoral and intraoral photographs and study models by two examining evaluators with a reliability in their diagnostic criteria, considering the Capelozza criteria. Results: A close relationship was found between the facial pattern with the molar and canine class. Except pattern II, in which there was correlation with class II molar, but not with canine class II. The heterogeneity in the distribution of the classes of pattern I was evidenced. In class II, the classes were more homogeneous with more than 70% of class II individuals in their molar relationship.The Pearson Chi Square test determined a p = 0.678 when considering the canine relationship on both sides. Conclusions: The study revealed prevalence of canine class I deciduous in both genders. Class I and II molar permanent in equal proportions in both genders. With regard to age, those between 6 and 10 years were more tending to class II molar.

Relación entre el Síndrome de clase II división 2 y la disfunción temporomandibular. Artículo de revisión / Relation between the Syndrome type II division 2 malocclusions and the temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Review article

Introducción: Los pacientes con el Síndrome de clase II división 2, además de presentar clínicamente una relación de molares y caninos en disto-oclusión, muestran una retroinclinación de los incisivos centrales superiores con proinclinación de los laterales y sobremordida profunda, lo cual puede llegar a convertirse en un factor de riesgo que provoca disfunción temporomandibular. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el Síndrome de clase II división 2 y la disfunción temporomandibular. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica automatizada en las bases de datos de los sistemas MEDLINE, PubMed, Hinari y Google; se utilizó un total de 17 artículos. Desarrollo: Por las características clínicas de la oclusión en los pacientes con este síndrome, el rango de movimiento mandibular está limitado, y produce un efecto traumático que se relaciona con una posición de los cóndilos desplazados hacia atrás e intruidos en la fosa glenoidea. Este desplazamiento más distal produce la presión del espacio retrodiscal ricamente inervado y sería causa de inflamación de los tejidos circundantes y afectación de la función de la articulación por elongación de los ligamentos discales o adelgazamiento del disco que afecta el complejo cóndilo-disco. Conclusiones: Los estudios consultados muestran la relación entre el Síndrome de clase II división 2 y la disfunción temporomandibular, dada las características clínicas presentes en este síndrome, que afectan el funcionamiento de la articulación temporomandibular y que al sobrepasar las capacidades adaptativas del paciente producen la disfunción en la misma(AU)

Introduction: Patients with Syndrome type II division 2 malocclusions, besides presenting a clinically established relationship between molars and canines in a distal occlusion, show a retro-inclination of the upper front teeth with pro-inclination of the lateral incisors and a deep overbite, which can result in a risk factor of temporomandibular dysfunction. Objective: To identify the relationship between Syndrome type II division 2 malocclusions and the temporomandibular dysfunction. Material and Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out through a search of databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Hinari, and Scholar Google. A total of 17 articles were used. Development: Because of the clinical characteristics of the occlusion in the patients with this syndrome, the range of jaw movement is limited, producing a traumatic effect that is related with a position of the condyles displaced backward and with glenoid fossa intrusion. This more distal displacement produces the pressure of the richly innervated retrodiscal tissue, which could be the cause of inflammation of the surrounding tissues and the affectation of the joint function due to an elongation of the discal ligaments or a thinning of the disc affecting the disc-condyle complex. Conclusions: The studies conducted demonstrate the relationship between the Syndrome type II division 2 and the temporomandibular joint dysfunction, given the clinical characteristics that are present in this syndrome, which affect the functioning of the temporomandibular joint, and produce its dysfunction when exceeding the adaptive capacities of the patient(AU)

Comparison of Bolton ratio in normal occlusion and different malocclusion groups in Iranian population.

OBJECTIVES: Bolton ratio is used as a method for diagnosis of tooth size discrepancy. Tooth size discrepancy has an important role in the stability of results of final orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine and compare Bolton ratio in normal occlusion and different malocclusion groups of Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive-analytic study comprises 240 orthodontic patient casts (for every malocclusion group: class I, class II division 1, class II division 2, class III, 30 males and 30 females) which have fully erupted and complete permanent dentitions from first molar to first molar, and also 60 persons (30 male-30 female) with normal occlusion. The mesiodistal tooth sizes were measured using digital caliper two times with a 4-week interval. RESULTS: The average mesiodistal size of all teeth in the malocclusion group was significantly bigger than in the normal occlusion group. Although there was no relationship between anterior ratio and gender or malocclusion groups, but a significant relationship between total ratio in Class II division 1 and normal occlusion was seen. Furthermore, a significant difference between anterior and total ratios in the present study and original Bolton's values was found. CONCLUSIONS: In the normal occlusion group, the anterior and total ratios were bigger than those in Bolton's original study. Also, "class II division 1" showed the lowest values of Bolton ratio among the other normal occlusion and malocclusion groups. Therefore, the original Bolton's values should be used conservatively in Iranian population.

Comparison of dental measurements between conventional plaster models, digital models obtained by impression scanning and plaster model scanning.

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of dental measurements between conventional plaster models, digital models obtained by impression scanning and plaster model scanning. PURPOSE: To evaluate and to compare the accuracy and reliability of tooth size, arch width and Bolton tooth size discrepancy measurements on 3 Dimensional (3D) digital models obtained by plaster dental model scanning, dental impression scanning and conventional plaster models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was carried out on the maxillary and mandibular dental models of 25 patients with Angle Class I molar relationship and minimal crowding. Mesio-distal dimensions of the teeth, intercanine and intermolar arch width, and Bolton tooth size discrepancy measurements were calculated by conventional methods on plaster models, digital methods and on 3D models obtained from plaster model scanning and impression scanning. All measurements were repeated after three weeks for each of the investigated methods. Reliability of measurements was evaluated by Dahlberg formula and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Comparisons of dental measurements between three methods were achieved with ANOVA Test. RESULTS: The repeated measurements were highly correlated for all methods. Method error was found within clinically acceptable limits. There was no significant difference between dental measurements on plaster dental models, digital models obtained from plaster dental model scanning and dental impression scanning. Results showed the methods being highly reliable and accurate for tooth size, arch width and Bolton analysis at total and anterior proportion calculation. CONCLUSION: Digital measurements of tooth size, arch width and Bolton tooth size discrepancy on digital models obtained from plaster dental model scanning and dental impression scanning showed high accuracy and reliability. There was no significant difference between the three methods for dental measurements.

Pacifier use modifies the association between breastfeeding and malocclusion: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of breastfeeding and pacifier use on the occlusal status of preschool children. A cross-sectional study was conducted with children (n = 489) aged 2-5 years in private and public schools in Pelotas, South Brazil. Mothers answered a questionnaire on demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral variables, including breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits. Malocclusion was classified as normal/mild and moderate/severe, according to WHO criteria. The association between breastfeeding and pacifier use with malocclusion was tested using multivariate logistic regression. The prevalence of malocclusion was 37.83% (95%CI 33.52-42.14), and 57.87% of the children used a pacifier. A total of 46.01% of the sample was exclusively breastfed for 6 months, and 24.74% were never breastfed. Malocclusion was associated with pacifier use, and with both non-exclusively breastfed and never breastfed. After adjustments for demographic and socioeconomic variables, the children who used a pacifier and were never breastfed (OR = 19.08; 95%CI 8.54-42.63), or who used a pacifier and were not exclusively breastfed (OR = 13.74; 95%CI 6.11-30.92), showed worse occlusal conditions, compared with the children who were exclusively breastfed and never used a pacifier. Pacifier use modifies the relationship between breastfeeding and occlusal status.

Need for orthodontic treatment in a sample of Ecuadorian adolescents from Cojitambo, 2017

Aim: To determine the need for orthodontic treatment in Ecuadorian adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in Cojitambo, 2017. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was made including 140 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years, 50% males. For determining the prevalence of malocclusion, a visual clinical examination was performed to obtain the data required using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Results: 37.14% of the adolescents presented a minor malocclusion (without the need for treatment), 20% a definitivemalocclusion (need for elective treatment), 30% a severe malocclusion (highly desirable treatment) and 12.86% a very severe malocclusion (mandatory treatment). No statistically significant differences were found by sex (p =0.53) or by age (p =0.05). Conclusion: There is a higher prevalence of adolescents who had a normal occlusion without the need of orthodontic treatment and the ones with the lowest prevalence were adolescents with very severe malocclusion that needed compulsory treatment, without differences by sex or age

Retrospective epidemiological study of mandibular rotational types in patients with orthodontical malocclusion.

SUMMARY: The primary aim of this study was to illustrate the prevalence of facial skeletal discrepancy in an Italian sample. Another aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the sagittal skeletal discrepancy classification in order to establish a morphologic pattern of growth useful for diagnosis and prediction of therapeutic results. The authors considered a sample of 732 patients (426 females and 306 males) aged between 6 and 17 years old. Cephalometric parameters were evaluated in order to establish a relationship between sagittal skeletal discrepancy and the classification of facial rotations (Lavergne and Petrovic). Facial types with neutral mandibular growth direction were the most prevalent, and were most observed in classes I and II; the latter was more represented than others in our sample. Facial types with posterior mandibular growth direction were the most prevalent in class III. Sagittal skeletal discrepancy classification is not able to establish a specific facial type or predict an individual responsiveness to treatment.

Effectiveness of the American Board of Orthodontics Discrepancy Index in predicting Treatment Time.

AIM: This study was aimed to explore the effect of pretreatment severity of malocclusion on the duration of the treatment using The American Board of Orthodontics discrepancy index (ABO-DI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This clinical retrospective study consisted of orthodontics records of 37 patients who were treated with comprehensive fixed orthodontic appliance from 2011 to 2013. The sample of the study was collected so as to exclude, to the maximum possible, the patient cooperation variability by reviewing all patient chart entries. The DI measurements were used to gather the information of the pretreatment and relate it to the time duration of the treatment. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The average treatment time was 24.5 months. The DI scores mean for class I and II was 14.30 and 20.15 respectively. Age and sex did not significantly influence the treatment duration (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the ABO-DI could be a useful tool to predict orthodontic treatment time. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The ABO-DI can significantly aid in orthodontic treatment time planning.